Interior Renovation Surrey

Interior Renovation Surrey

Surrey renovation project planning

You're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that's committed to quality at every turn. Another project to note is the addition of a bespoke garden room for a client seeking a tranquil retreat within their property. Learn more about Interior Renovation Surrey here From the initial planning phase to the final touches, our team coordinates closely to ensure that each phase progresses smoothly. It's not just about the aesthetics; they consider the local climate, materials that thrive in it, and designs that resonate with Interior Renovation Surrey's unique charm.
You'll have direct access to a dedicated aftercare team, ready to address any post-completion queries. Garage renovation Canyon Property Projects Ltd. also stays ahead of the curve, incorporating the latest building standards and innovations into their work. Recognizing the importance of a home's exterior appeal and functionality, they've introduced services like landscaping, deck building, and exterior painting.
Understanding the local market inside and out, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. tailors your home improvement projects to both your needs and the specific demands of the Interior Renovation Surrey area. Expanding your living space with Canyon Property Projects Ltd means unlocking the potential of your home through sophisticated extensions tailored to your lifestyle. Plus, they recommend products with a longer lifespan, reducing the need for frequent replacements and further minimizing waste.
This collaborative process ensures that your project reflects your personal style and meets all your functional needs. Enhancing your curb appeal with landscaping, updated siding, or even a new roof can make a dramatic difference in your home's overall aesthetics and value. They're a testament to the tailored approach Canyon Property Projects Ltd. takes with each project.

Surrey custom home upgrades

  1. Accessible home design
  2. Interior painting
  3. Toilet installation
  4. Drywall installation and repair
  5. Window replacement
  6. Custom cabinetry
  7. Surrey heritage home restoration
  8. Custom home remodeling
  9. Garage conversion
  10. Energy-efficient renovations
  11. Bathroom renovation
  12. Backsplash installation
  13. Electrical renovations
  14. Best renovation experts Surrey
  15. Green home remodeling
  16. Home addition services
  17. House remodeling experts

Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here.

The attention to detail was astonishing.'Another client shared their experience with a major plumbing overhaul, involving the replacement of Poly B pipes. 'They made a daunting task seem effortless,' they said. 'The project was completed on time, and the communication was clear throughout. Once you've made the initial contact, a team member will schedule a visit to your property. One realtor shares, 'Canyon Property Projects Ltd. not only elevated the aesthetic appeal of the homes I'm selling but significantly boosted their market value. This means you're always in the loop, without being overwhelmed by the minutiae of project management. They didn't stop at interior transformations, either.

Garage renovation

  1. Entryway remodeling
  2. Bathroom tile renovation
  3. Walk-in shower installation
  4. Flooring installation
  5. Staircase renovation
  6. Roofing and gutters
  7. Basement waterproofing
  8. Home energy audit
  9. Basement finishing
  10. Fence and gate installation
  11. Soaking tub installation
  12. Renovation cost estimates
  13. Home improvement services
  14. Home renovation
  15. Living room renovation
  16. Project management
  17. Custom design-build services


You're probably seeking a team that listens, understands, and implements your vision with precision-and that's exactly what they bring to the table.

Affordable home remodeling Surrey

  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Electrical renovations
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Green home remodeling
  • Home addition services
  • House remodeling experts
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Basement suite construction
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Flooring installation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Home energy audit
Imagine stepping through your living room straight into a beautifully integrated outdoor patio, where the transition feels as natural as walking from your kitchen to your dining room. That's why they offer customized solutions that mirror your lifestyle and meet your specific needs. The process is tailored to fit you, ensuring that your property's potential is fully realized.

They use only the highest quality materials, ensuring that your home improvement project isn't only beautiful but also durable. They were amazed by how Canyon Property Projects Ltd managed the entire process, ensuring minimal disruption to their daily lives while delivering the project on time and within budget. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a dedicated project manager who's always on top of the schedule, budget, and quality of workmanship. Their designs reflect a deep understanding of modern living, blending smart technology seamlessly with elegant, sustainable materials to create environments that are both beautiful and intelligent.

What sets Canyon Property Projects Ltd apart is their commitment to making your dream home a reality, tailored precisely to what you've envisioned. They ensure that each element, from materials to color schemes, harmonizes perfectly. What sets them apart is their commitment to using only the highest quality materials. At Canyon Property Projects Ltd., we understand that your kitchen isn't just a place to cook; it's where memories are made, stories are shared, and culinary adventures begin.

Citations and other links

Interior Renovation Surrey Exterior Upgrade Specialists

When considering your next home improvement project, selecting Canyon Property offers unparalleled expertise and quality. Their expertise isn't just limited to the inside; they also specialize in exterior makeovers including landscaping, decking, and siding, enhancing your home's curb appeal and value. They're transparent about costs, which means no surprises down the line. They've built strong relationships with local suppliers, ensuring that the materials needed for your project aren't just top-notch but also readily available.

Built-in storage solutions

  1. Home gym remodeling
  2. Lighting upgrades
  3. Basement suite construction
  4. Home insulation upgrades
  5. Entryway remodeling
  6. Bathroom tile renovation
  7. Walk-in shower installation
  8. Flooring installation
  9. Staircase renovation
  10. Roofing and gutters
  11. Basement waterproofing
  12. Home energy audit
  13. Basement finishing
  14. Fence and gate installation
  15. Soaking tub installation
  16. Renovation cost estimates
  17. Home improvement services
  18. Home renovation


Canyon Property Projects Ltd specializes in these details, ensuring your home not only looks inviting during the day but also stands out after sunset with strategically placed outdoor lighting. From optimizing your home's layout to incorporating energy-saving solutions, they're dedicated to improving your home's comfort and value. As we unpack the layers of what Canyon Property Projects Ltd. brings to the table, you'll find compelling reasons why their portfolio of completed projects and satisfied clients might just tip the scales in their favor, inviting a closer look at what makes their service stand out in the competitive world of home and commercial improvements.

With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're not just renovating your house; you're customizing your entire living experience. Surrey custom home upgrades We've streamlined our processes and sourced materials efficiently to ensure that we can offer you the best possible price without compromising on quality. Their dedication to efficiency means you won't be waiting longer than necessary to enjoy your newly improved property.

Moreover, they're always up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies, ensuring your home isn't just stylish but also smart and sustainable. Imagine stepping into a home where every detail, from the sleek lines of a custom kitchen island to the serene ambiance of a spa-like bathroom, reflects a new pinnacle of craftsmanship and innovation. You've likely seen their work without even realizing it, elevating neighborhoods with each project they complete.

Interior Renovation Surrey Exterior Upgrade Specialists
Bathroom Fixtures Installation Interior Renovation Surrey

Bathroom Fixtures Installation Interior Renovation Surrey

They're also adept at addressing structural issues, offering solutions that not only improve the appearance of your home but also its safety and durability. Moving beyond the visual transformations, let's hear directly from those who've experienced Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s remarkable home improvements first-hand. Their attention to detail means every element, from lighting to landscaping, is thoughtfully integrated to enhance both the beauty and functionality of your outdoor area. You'll never be left in the dark, wondering about the status of your project. Affordable home remodeling Surrey We prioritize efficient use of space, ensuring every inch contributes to a seamless cooking and dining experience.

For a truly luxurious touch, incorporate technology with features like digital showers that allow temperature and flow control at the touch of a button, or whirlpool tubs for the ultimate relaxation. For realtors, curb appeal is even more crucial. If you're looking to enhance your home's energy efficiency, they offer eco-friendly options that can reduce your carbon footprint and save you money on utilities in the long run. These are sought-after amenities that appeal to today's environmentally conscious and tech-savvy buyers. Accessible home design

They then proceed to planning, where timelines, budgets, and resources are mapped out.

Laminate flooring installation

  1. Door installation
  2. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  3. Vanity replacement
  4. Modern home renovation Surrey
  5. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  6. Kitchen renovation
  7. Local home renovators Surrey
  8. Smart home upgrades
  9. Hardwood floor refinishing
  10. Tile installation services
  11. Painting and wall finishes
  12. Landscaping and hardscaping
  13. Interior remodeling
  14. Soundproofing renovation
  15. Financing options for renovation
  16. Residential remodeling
  17. Attic renovation
  18. Plumbing upgrades
  19. Exterior siding replacement
  20. Sustainable renovation materials
Interior Renovation Surrey's market trends show a growing demand for modern, energy-efficient homes with high-quality finishes. Home office renovation Next, you'll receive a clear, comprehensive quote that respects your budget without compromising on quality. With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to excellence, their team of skilled professionals goes above and beyond to deliver results that not only meet but exceed your expectations.

They're equally diligent about the functionality and durability of their work. They understand that questions and concerns can arise after the job is done. After exploring custom transformations, it's crucial to highlight the role of quality materials and tools in bringing your dream home to life with Canyon Property Projects Ltd. This dynamic market can significantly influence the types and extents of renovations that'll resonate most with potential buyers or enhance your property's value.

Exterior House Enhancements Interior Renovation Surrey

These thoughtful touches make a world of difference in how you enjoy and use your home. They'll scrutinize every component, ensuring that everything, from electrical wiring to plumbing, meets the highest standards.

Accessible home design

  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Tile installation services
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Interior remodeling
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Residential remodeling
  • Attic renovation
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Exterior painting
  • Home layout redesign
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Wall removal services
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. ensures your commercial upgrades are seamlessly executed, thanks to their unparalleled project management expertise. That's why they're dedicated to working closely with you, ensuring your vision comes to life exactly as you've imagined it.

Surrey renovation project planning

  1. Living room renovation
  2. Project management
  3. Custom design-build services
  4. Door installation
  5. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  6. Vanity replacement
  7. Modern home renovation Surrey
  8. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  9. Kitchen renovation
  10. Local home renovators Surrey
  11. Smart home upgrades
  12. Hardwood floor refinishing
  13. Tile installation services
  14. Painting and wall finishes
  15. Landscaping and hardscaping


Whether you're dreaming of a minimalist kitchen, a spa-like bathroom, or a more efficient home office, they've got you covered. They'll keep you in the loop, ensuring your vision comes to life exactly as you imagined. Moreover, they're keen on waste reduction during and after construction.

Whether it's a kitchen remodel, a bathroom renovation, or an entire home transformation, Canyon Property Projects Ltd crafts each space with passion and precision.

Laminate flooring installation

  1. Surrey renovation project planning
  2. Home remodeling consultation
  3. Home office renovation
  4. Surrey custom home upgrades
  5. Garage renovation
  6. Laminate flooring installation
  7. Crown molding installation
  8. Aging-in-place renovations
  9. Home layout redesign
  10. Full-service renovation Surrey
  11. Built-in storage solutions
  12. Wall removal services
  13. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  14. Accessible home design
  15. Interior painting
  16. Toilet installation
  17. Drywall installation and repair
  18. Window replacement
That's why they take a personalized approach from the get-go, ensuring your vision is at the forefront of every decision. The team was professional, and their commitment to sustainability made us feel we made the right choice.'John, a local business owner in Interior Renovation Surrey, echoes this sentiment. 'Our commercial space needed a revamp, and Canyon Property Projects Ltd. delivered beyond expectations.

You, as a realtor or property owner in Interior Renovation Surrey, understand the significance of customization in today's dynamic real estate market. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. specializes in transforming ordinary bathrooms into spa-like retreats in Interior Renovation Surrey, ensuring every element reflects your personal taste while incorporating the latest trends in luxury and efficiency. Trust them to bring your vision to life with the quality and craftsmanship your home deserves.

Exterior House Enhancements Interior Renovation Surrey
Eco-Friendly Kitchen Renovations Interior Renovation Surrey
Eco-Friendly Kitchen Renovations Interior Renovation Surrey

They're not just about aesthetics; they prioritize functionality, ensuring every space is optimized to meet your needs. Step into the future of home living with Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s advanced home automation solutions, designed to make your life easier and more comfortable. It's about creating a home that not only looks great but feels right. Their approach is proactive, anticipating potential obstacles and addressing them before they become issues. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. has carved out a niche for itself as a leading home improvement contractor in Interior Renovation Surrey, offering a wide range of services to transform your living space.
Their comprehensive services also cover outdoor projects, including landscaping and garden design, to create that perfect outdoor oasis. Imagine sleek granite countertops that not only dazzle the eye but also withstand the test of time and culinary challenges.

Toilet installation

  • Custom cabinetry
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Garage conversion
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Electrical renovations
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Green home remodeling
  • Home addition services
  • House remodeling experts
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Basement suite construction
  • Home insulation upgrades
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. meticulously focuses on every small detail to ensure your home improvement project exceeds expectations. Furthermore, they're proactive in addressing potential issues before they become problems.
Canyon Property doesn't just excel in technical execution; they understand the importance of listening to their clients. Our team works closely with you to understand your needs and preferences, making sure that every material selected aligns with your vision and budget. From complex renovations that breathe new life into old homes to cutting-edge designs that transform your living space, they've got the skills to make your vision a reality. Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Read more about Interior Renovation Surrey here means you're opting for a future where your home is part of the solution.
Each project in our portfolio is a testament to our team's dedication to transforming spaces into something truly special and personalized. Home remodeling consultation Choosing Canyon Property means investing in a hassle-free experience, where your project is managed efficiently, within budget, and on time. You'll find their team responsive and attentive, breaking down complex project details into understandable terms, ensuring you're always in the loop. Next, you'll dive into the design phase, where your concepts start to take shape.

Sustainable Home Renovation Interior Renovation Surrey

They've built a reputation for quality craftsmanship, attention to detail, and a personalized approach to each project, ensuring your home renovation dreams come to life exactly as you envision them. They'll ask questions to understand your lifestyle and how you use your space, ensuring the proposed improvements align with your daily life. You're likely familiar with the challenges of Poly B piping, a common issue in local homes that requires expert attention. A client needing minor renovations before selling their home was thrilled with the quick and efficient service. 'They helped us increase our home's value significantly,' they noted. 'Their expertise and advice were invaluable.'These testimonials highlight a consistent theme: Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just do the job; they excel, ensuring each client's needs are met with professionalism and precision. Whether you're considering selling or simply want to stand out in your neighborhood, these makeovers are invaluable.

Drywall installation and repair

  1. Basement finishing
  2. Fence and gate installation
  3. Soaking tub installation
  4. Renovation cost estimates
  5. Home improvement services
  6. Home renovation
  7. Living room renovation
  8. Project management
  9. Custom design-build services
  10. Door installation
  11. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  12. Vanity replacement
  13. Modern home renovation Surrey
  14. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  15. Kitchen renovation
  16. Local home renovators Surrey
  17. Smart home upgrades

They're transparent about timelines and costs, so you're never in the dark.

Garage renovation

  • Kitchen renovation
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Tile installation services
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Interior remodeling
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Residential remodeling
  • Attic renovation
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Exterior painting
  • Toilet installation
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Window replacement
They're committed to bringing your vision to life, incorporating your personal style into the design while pushing the boundaries of what's possible. Imagine stepping into a bathroom that feels more like a spa than just another room in your house. They're also adept at navigating local regulations, ensuring your project moves smoothly without any compliance hiccups.
You'll start by sharing your vision during a detailed consultation, where they'll listen intently and offer expert advice to align your dreams with practical solutions. They understand that questions or concerns can arise once you start living in your newly transformed space. Every choice, from materials to layout, is made with your unique preferences in mind. They know that your home isn't just a space; it's a reflection of your personality, your aspirations, and your life story.
If you're envisioning a kitchen that not only meets your culinary needs but also reflects your personal style, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. specializes in custom kitchen transformations tailored just for you. Canyon Property ensures seamless project management from start to finish, keeping disruptions to your daily life to a minimum. They're not just about picking colors or materials; they're about creating a cohesive design that aligns with your lifestyle and preferences. Wall removal services You're involved in decision-making, ensuring the final plan reflects exactly what you've envisioned.

Explore Interior Renovation Surrey here
Sustainable Home Renovation Interior Renovation Surrey
Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

[edit]

Frequently Asked Questions

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